Predictive Factors for Sexual Behaviors among High School Students in South Korea: a Nationwide Analysis

Article information

Keimyung Med J. 2022;41(1):32-37
Publication date (electronic) : 2022 June 15
doi : https://doi.org/10.46308/kmj.2022.00087
Department of Family Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
Corresponding author: Seung Wan Hong, MD. Department of Family Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1035 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea Tel: 82-53-258-7703 E-mail: santaruf@dsmc.or.kr
Received 2022 May 27; Revised 2022 June 13; Accepted 2022 June 14.

Abstract

We aimed to investigate the associated factors for sexual intercourse among high school students using data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS) conducted between August and October 2020. This study was based on the 16th KYRBWS, conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A total of 25,592 high school students were included. The questionnaire included topics such as sexual behavior, alcohol consumption, smoking, drug use, mental health, physical activity, weight management, and health equity, to determine the factors influencing sexual behavior. In male students, the associated factors for sexual behavior included smoking, alcohol consumption, history of drug use, short sleep time, high physical activity, feelings of sadness, and good economic status. In female students, the associated factors for sexual behavior included smoking, alcohol consumption, low body mass index, high physical activity, feelings of sadness, suicidal thoughts, and poor economic status. In both male and female high school students, smoking and alcohol consumption were strong associated factors for sexual behavior. Good economic status was associated with sexual behavior in males, while a poor economic condition was associated with sexual behavior in females. These factors should be considered in the sexual education of high school students.

Introduction

Teenage pregnancies are on the rise worldwide and result in several medical problems [1,2]. Teenage pregnancy is highly risky and likely to be accompanied by anemia, premature birth, low birth weight, and gestational hypertension. Teenage pregnancies increase medical and social costs, and they are a huge social problem.

Recently, the coitus experience of high school students in South Korea is increasing. According to the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS), 6.2% of high school students has coitus experience in 2014. This percentage increased to 7.3% in 2020. Consequently, sexual disease transmission rates among high school students have also increased.

In a survey of single mothers, the percentage of single teenage mothers increased from 49.9% in 1999 to 53.3% in 2001 in South Korea. Among single teenage mothers, those aged 15 years or younger accounted for 6% in 1999, 8.7% in 2000, and 8.3% in 2001. In 2005, the sexually transmitted infection rate among runaway teenagers was 22.3% [3]. Teenage pregnancy is an important public health issue as it increases the economic burden and lowers educational attainment [4].

It is crucial to study the association of sexual behaviors in high school students to prevent teenage pregnancies and associated disease - anemia, premature birth, low birth weight, and gestational hypertension, etc.

So, we investigate the associated factors for sexual behaviors in high school students using data from the 16th KYRBWS, which is conducted annually to assess the prevalence of risky health behaviors among middle and high school students in South Korea.

Materials and Methods

This study was performed according to the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital Institutional Review Board (IRB No. 2021-07-005).

Data collection was based on the 16th KYRBWS, which was developed and conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It was conducted nationwide between August and October 2020. The 16th KYRBWS is a web-based survey using a complex sampling design [5]. It consisted of 15 areas, including smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, diet, weight management, mental health, safety cognition, oral health, self-hygiene, sexual behavior, atopy and asthma, drug, internet addiction, health equity, and violence. There were 103 survey questions, and the participants entered data anonymously online using a computer. All surveys were conducted through questionnaires, and questions about academic and economic status were also asked about the degree to which they thought. The 16th KYRBWS included 400 schools, and there were 57,925 students in total, among whom 54,948 middle school and high school students completed the survey. The participation rate was 94.9%. The 16th KYRBWS was stratified into 44 regions. There were 117 strata in the survey. This study focused specifically on high school students. The total number of high school students was 25,592, with 13,325 male and 12,267 female students. The questionnaire was about sexual behavior, alcohol consumption, smoking, drug intake, mental health, physical activity, weight management, health equity, and other topics.

All statistical analyses were performed using a complex sampling design. The base characteristics of the participants were evaluated using the t-test or chi-square test. Logistic regression analysis was used to confirm the relationship between sexual experience and other factors. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (version 21.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Results

Among the 25,592 students included in this survey. The number of students who had sexual intercourse was 1,904, and the weighted percentage was 7.3% (males: 9.2%, females: 5.1%). The students with no sexual experience group had a lower body mass index (BMI) and lower physical activity. Sleep time was longer in the sexual experience group. Students with poor health and happiness perceptions were associated with sexual experience. Feelings of sadness, suicidal thoughts, alcohol consumption, smoking, and drug use were associated with experience. Sex education was not associated with sexual experience (Table 1).

Participants’ characteristics

The association between academic performance and sexual experience exhibited a J-curve. Low economic conditions were associated with sexual experience among female students. A J-curve association was determined between economic conditions and sexual experience in male students (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1.

This figure shows the difference in the percentages between men and women for each variable. BMI, body mass index.

In our study, the factors in the logistic model were selected using the backward method. Other factors were insignificant in the logistic regression model. Smoking was the most common associated factor for sexual experience among male students (odds ratio [OR]: 4.041, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.438–4.751). Short sleep times, high physical activity, feelings of sadness, alcohol consumption, drug use, and good economic status were other identified associated factors in male students (Table 2).

Final model of the logistic regression analysis of coitus experience in male students

The most common associated factor for increased sexual experience among female students was smoking (OR: 6.525, 95% CI: 5.102–8.345). Low BMI, high physical activity, feelings of sadness, suicidal thoughts, alcohol consumption, and low economic status were other identified associated factors in female students (Table 3).

Final model of the logistic regression analysis of coitus experience in female students

Discussion

This is a study to determine associated factors for sexual intercourse in high school students in South Korea. In our study, BMI was associated with sexual experience. Males with a normal weight were most likely to engage in coitus. Meanwhile, females with a lower BMI were more likely to engage in coitus. BMI was also a significant associated factor for female students based on the logistic regression model. This tendency was also observed in another study [6]. This was attributed to the sensitivity of women to weight and courtship behavior [7]. In addition, female students with boyfriends were more likely to engage in coitus [8,9].

Lower sleep time was another associated factor with increased sexual experience seen in male students. Many studies have shown that a lower sleep time negatively impacts teenagers’ health. Short sleep duration influences depression, academic failure, behavioral issues, and aggressive behavior [10-13]. And low academic status and aggressive behavior are associated with coitus experience [6]. So it is possible that this association may have reduced sleep time.

Physical activity was a significant associated factor for sexual experience based on the logistic regression model (OR: 1.108 in males, 1.086 in females). Several studies have shown that exercise increases sexual desire [14,15]. However, only a few studies focused on adolescents. The relevant mechanisms behind this observation are likely to be similar between adolescents and adults. However, further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Sadness was an associated factor influencing sexual experience in both male and female students. Other studies have reported that depression is associated with sexual experience [16,17]. But suicidal thoughts were not associated factor with sexual experience for male students, unlike for female students. Vasilenko [17] reported that depression affected the sexual experience of females more than that of males. This difference could influence the results of our study.

In our study, alcohol, smoking, and drugs were found to increase the association of sexual intercourse. Abuse of these substances is known to be associated with antisocial tendencies in adolescents [18,19]. Antisocial tendencies are known to be associated with an increase in teenage sexual experiences [20]. These relationships could influence our result. Therefore, adolescents with these associated factors are predicted to have a high association of teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases.

In our study, sex education does not appear to have any effect on the sexual experience of high school students. But, previous studies have found that sex education suppresses sexual experience [21]. These differences may be due to cultural differences or differences in sex education. According to our study, the current sex education in South Korea is presumed to be ineffective in suppressing the sexual experience of high school students, and a deep consideration is required for the current direction of sex education.

Interestingly, high economic status in boys and low economic status in girls were found to have association with sexual experience. In the case of female students, there is a previous study stating that a low socioeconomic status increases the association of teenage pregnancy [22]. However, according to the results of our study, in the case of male students, the association of sexual experience was high not only in those with low economic status but also in those with high economic status (Fig. 1). Therefore, it should be recognized that, unlike female students, the association of sexual experience may be high for male students with high economic status.

A poor health status was associated with sexual experience. Teenage sexual intercourse can cause several medical diseases - anemia, premature birth, low birth weight, and gestational hypertension, etc [1,2]. But depression, tobacco, and alcohol also associated with health status and sexual experience. Therefore, these confounding factors should be considered to interpret this result.

This study has some limitations. As our study had a cross-sectional design, causality was not established. Therefore, only associations were confirmed by this study. And the information of this study was collected through self-reporting. This can lead to reporting errors and biases. However, the KYRBWS contained numerous samples and was representative of South Korean high school students. The results of our study can be used as a primer to understand the sexual behaviors of adolescents. Moreover, this will help address problems in adolescent sexual behavior.

Notes

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflicts-of-interest related to this article.

References

1. Cunnington AJ. What's so bad about teenage pregnancy? BMJ Sex Reprod Health 2001;27:36–41.
2. Mahavarkar SH, Madhu C, Mule V. A comparative study of teenage pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol 2008;28:604–7.
3. Cheon H, Bae S, Song M, Song H, Jun G. A study on the experiences of institutionalized unmarried teenage mothers: pregnancy and sexual behaviors. J Korean Home Manag Assoc 2002;20:1–12.
4. Fletcher JM, Wolfe BL. Education and labor market consequences of teenage childbearing evidence using the timing of pregnancy outcomes and community fixed effects. J Hum Resour 2009;44:303–25.
5. Kneipp SM, Yarandi HN. Complex sampling designs and statistical issues in secondary analysis. West J Nurs Res 2002;24:552–66.
6. Hong SW, Suh YS, Kim DH. The risk factors of sexual behavior among middle school students in South Korea. Int J Sex Health 2018;30:72–80.
7. Jamieson LK, Wade TJ. Early age of first sexual intercourse and depressive symptomatology among adolescents. J Sex Res 2011;48:450–60.
8. Kallen D, Doughty A. The relationship of weight, the self perception of weight and self esteem with courtship behavior. Marriage Fam Rev 1984;7:93–114.
9. Khoshnab LP, Nikseresht A. Comparison of the effect of aerobic exercise and antidepressant medications on depression and sexual desire of depressed middle-aged women. Peptides 2017;8:9.
10. Kristjánsson HG. Sleep in adolescents: association with social media, mental health and problem behaviour [Doctoral dissertation] Reykjavík: Reykjavík University; 2017.
11. Lee HK. Report about the health status of Korean adolescents-a comprehensive overview of the Korean adolescent health through demographics. Korean J Pediatr 2006;49:1267–74.
12. Newlands R, O’Donohue WT. Low sexual desire disorder. In: Maragakis A, O'Donohue WT, editors. Principle-based stepped care and brief psychotherapy for integrated care settings. New York, NY: Springer; 2018. p. 231-9.
13. Park YJ, Ku PS, Hong MH, Kim T, Shin JC, Lee C, et al. Pregnancy, abortion and delivery rates for Korean teenagers. J Korean Acad Nurs 1998;28:573–82.
14. Randler C, Vollmer C. Aggression in young adults-a matter of short sleep and social jetlag? Psychol Rep 2013;113:754–65.
15. Titova OE, Hogenkamp PS, Jacobsson JA, Feldman I, Schiöth HB, Benedict C. Associations of self-reported sleep disturbance and duration with academic failure in community-dwelling Swedish adolescents: sleep and academic performance at school. Sleep Med 2015;16:87–93.
16. van Zundert RM, van Roekel E, Engels RC, Scholte RH. Reciprocal associations between adolescents’ night-time sleep and daytime affect and the role of gender and depressive symptoms. J Youth Adolesc 2015;44:556–69.
17. Vasilenko SA. Age-varying associations between nonmarital sexual behavior and depressive symptoms across adolescence and young adulthood. Dev Psychol 2017;53:366.
18. Clark DB, Vanyukov M, Cornelius J. Childhood antisocial behavior and adolescent alcohol use disorders. Alcohol Res Health 2002;26:109.
19. Nardi FL, Cunha SMd, Bizarro L, Dell'Aglio DD. Drug use and antisocial behavior among adolescents attending public schools in Brazil. Trends Psychiatry Psychother 2012;34:80–6.
20. Tubman JG, Windle M, Windle RC. Cumulative sexual intercourse patterns among middle adolescents: problem behavior precursors and concurrent health risk behaviors. J Adolesc Health 1996;18:182–91.
21. Oettinger GS. The effects of sex education on teen sexual activity and teen pregnancy. J Polit Econ 1999;107:606–44.
22. Bulow PJ, Meller PJ. Predicting teenage girls' sexual activity and contraception use: an application of matching law. J Community Psychol 1998;26:581–96.

Article information Continued

Fig. 1.

This figure shows the difference in the percentages between men and women for each variable. BMI, body mass index.

Table 1.

Participants’ characteristics

Non-experience for coitus (n = 23,688) Experience for coitus (n = 1,904) p-value
Sex 0.000
 Male 12,078 (50.9%) 1,252 (65.7%)
 Female 11,610 (49.1%) 652 (34.3%)
BMI (kg/m2) 22.02 (0.047) 22.28 (0.103) 0.008
Sleep time (hours) 5.47 (0.018) 5.35 (0.037) 0.001
Physical activity for more than 60 min in the last week (daily frequency) 1.62 (0.030) 2.36 (0.071) 0.000
Subjective health perception 0.000
 Very healthy 6,263 (26.5%) 632 (32.9%)
 Healthy 9,842 (41.5%) 673 (35.6%)
 Ordinary 5,431 (22.9%) 382 (20.0%)
 Unhealthy 2,035 (8.6%) 186 (9.8%)
 Very unhealthy 117 (0.5%) 31 (1.7%)
Subjective body perception 0.001
 Very skinny 979 (4.2%) 90 (4.7%)
 Skinny 4,675 (19.7%) 412 (21.6%)
 Ordinary 8,367 (35.4%) 708 (37.1%)
 Fat 7,894 (33.3%) 563 (29.7%)
 Very fat 1,773 (7.4%) 131 (6.9%)
Subjective happiness perception 0.000
 Very happy 5,640 (23.8%) 459 (24.0%)
 Little happy 8,901 (37.6%) 601 (31.3%)
 Ordinary 6,951 (29.4%) 533 (28.2%)
 Little unhappy 1,858 (7.8%) 230 (12.3%)
 Very unhappy 338 (1.4%) 81 (4.2%)
Feelings of sadness and hopelessness in the last 12 months 0.000
 None 17,514 (74.0%) 1,075 (56.1%)
 Yes 6,174 (26.0%) 829 (43.9%)
Suicidal thoughts in the last 12 months 0.000
 None 21,176 (89.4%) 1,488 (78.0%)
 Yes 2,512 (10.6%) 416 (22.0%)
Experience of alcohol drinking 0.000
 None 13,635 (57.6%) 317 (16.7%)
 Yes 10,053 (42.4%) 1,587 (83.3%)
Experience of smoking 0.000
 None 20,752 (87.6%) 828 (43.5%)
 Yes 2,936 (12.4%) 1,076 (56.5%)
Experience of habitual drug abuse except for therapeutic purposes 0.000
 None 23,516 (99.3%) 1,843 (96.8%)
 Yes 172 (0.7%) 61 (3.2%)
Experience of education for sexual behavior in the last 12 months 0.867
 None 7,979 (33.8%) 615 (32.3%)
 Yes 15,709 (66.2%) 1,289 (67.7%)
Academic performance 0.000
 High 2,001 (8.5%) 200 (10.5%)
 Medium-high 5,117 (21.6%) 294 (15.4%)
 Medium 7,525 (31.8%) 500 (26.1%)
 Medium-low 6,329 (26.7%) 490 (25.7%)
 Low 2,716 (11.5%) 420 (22.3%)
Economic condition 0.000
 High 1,827 (7.8%) 251 (13.2%)
 Medium-high 5,999 (25.4%) 469 (24.5%)
 Medium 12,144 (51.2%) 767 (40.4%)
 Medium-low 3,045 (12.8%) 299 (15.8%)
 Low 673 (2.8%) 118 (6.1%)

Data are mean ± standard error or an unweighted number and weighted participants (%), p-values are calculated by t-test or chi-square test using a complex sampling design. SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index.

Table 2.

Final model of the logistic regression analysis of coitus experience in male students

OR 95% Confidence interval p-value
Sleep time (hr) 0.903 0.853–0.956 0.001
Physical activity for more than 60 min in the last week (daily frequency) 1.108 1.070–1.148 0.000
Feelings of sadness and hopelessness in the last 12 months 1.658 1.401–1.961 0.000
Experience of alcohol drinking 2.613 2.134–3.200 0.000
Experience of smoking 4.041 3.438–4.751 0.000
Experience of habitual drug abuse except for therapeutic purposes 2.318 1.275–4.213 0.006
Economic condition 1.147 1.037–1.269 0.008

Data are analysed by logistic regression model by backward method. OR, odds ratio.

Table 3.

Final model of the logistic regression analysis of coitus experience in female students

OR 95% Confidence interval p-value
BMI (kg/m2) 0.961 0.930–0.993 0.019
Physical activity for more than 60 min in the last week (daily frequency) 1.086 1.031–1.145 0.002
Feelings of sadness and hopelessness in the last 12 months 1.457 1.178–1.802 0.001
Suicidal thoughts in the last 12 months 1.562 1.239–1.969 0.000
Experience of alcohol drinking 5.044 3.666–6.939 0.000
Experience of smoking 6.525 5.102–8.345 0.000
Economic condition 0.836 0.745–0.937 0.002

Data are analysed by logistic regression model by backward method. OR, odds ratio; BMI, body mass index.